| Publications by Biophoenix' Principals |
| DNA Diagnostics | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Publisher: | PJB Publications Ltd |
| Year of publication: | 1988 |
| Type of publication: | Management report |
| Publisher's reference (if any): | CBS 84 |
| Author(s): | Sreten Bogdanovic |
| Approximate page count: | 70 |
| Price when published: | £250 |
Remarks:
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DNA DIAGNOSTICS
A report for Clinica World Medical Device and Diagnostic News
by Sreten Bogdanovic
(August 1988)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1
1.1 Scope of this report 1
1.2 Summary of the main applications of DNA analysis 2
1.3 Nucleic acid structure and function 3
1.3.1 Introduction 3
1.3.2 The structure of proteins 3
1.3.3 The structure of nucleic acids 5
1.3.4 RNA 6
1.3.5 DNA 7
1.3.6 The genetic code 7
1.3.7 Function of nucleic acids 9
1.3.7.1 Introduction 9
1.3.7.2 DNA replication 9
1.3.7.3 RNA and transcription 10
1.3.7.4 Processing of RNA 12
1.3.7.4.1 Capping and tailing 12
1.3.7.4.2 Splicing 12
1.3.7.4.3 Function of introns 13
1.3.7.5 Protein synthesis 14
1.4 Classical genetics 15
1.4.1 Genes 15
1.4.2 Linkage 17
1.4.3 Recombination 17
1.4.4 Genetic mapping 18
1.4.5 Linkage phase 18
1.4.6 Sex linkage 18
1.4.7 Number of genes in man 19
1.4.8 C-value paradox 19
1.5 Repetitive DNA 20
1.6 Restriction enzymes 20
1.7 Cloning vectors 21
1.8 DNA probes 22
1.8.1 Description 22
1.8.2 Probe development 23
CHAPTER 2 : DNA PROBES IN GENETIC DISEASES 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Genetic diseases and populations 25
2.3 Heterogeneity of many genetic diseases 26
2.4 Types of genetic disease 28
2.5 Detecting genetic disease in utero 29
2.5.1 Analysis of amniotic fluid supernatant 29
2.5.2 Enzyme assays in cultured amniocytes 29
2.5.3 Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) 30
2.5.4 Analysis of foetal blood and other tissues 30
2.5.5 Ultrasound 31
2.5.6 DNA analysis 31
2.6 Methodology of DNA diagnosis 31
2.6.1 Introduction 31
2.6.2 Gene tracking 32
2.6.3 Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
(RFLPs) 33
2.6.4 Highly polymorphic markers 34
2.6.5 Haplotypes 35
2.7 Survey of important inherited diseases 36
2.7.1 Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 36
2.7.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 37
2.7.3 Cystic fibrosis 37
2.7.4 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 37
2.7.5 The haemophilias 38
2.7.6 Huntingdon's disease 38
2.7.7 Neurofibromatosis 38
2.7.8 Myotonic dystrophy 39
2.7.9 Phenylketonuria 39
2.7.10 Polycystic kidney disease 39
2.7.11 The haemoglobinopathies 39
2.7.12 The fragile-X syndrome 40
2.8 Likely market sizes and nature 40
2.9 Report of a regional DNA diagnostics centre 41
CHAPTER 3: DNA PROBES IN CANCER 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Incidence of cancer 43
3.3 The genetics of cancer 44
3.4 Anti-oncogenes 45
3.5 Oncogenes and viruses 46
3.6 Gene probes in cancer 48
3.6.1 Introduction 48
3.6.2 bcr analysis 48
3.6.3 Other translocation malignancies 49
3.6.4 B/T cell DNA analysis 49
3.7 Cervical cancer 50
3.8 Conclusions 50
3.9 Likely market sizes and nature 51
CHAPTER 4: DNA PROBES AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Methodology 52
4.3 Kit availability and commercialisation 53
4.4 Survey of specific bacterial pathogens 54
4.4.1 Bacteroides species 54
4.4.2 Campylobacter 55
4.4.3 Chlamydia 55
4.4.4 Gonorrhoea 55
4.4.5 Legionellosis 55
4.4.6 Leptospirosis 56
4.4.7 Mycobacteria 56
4.4.8 Mycoplasmas 56
4.4.9 Salmonellae 56
4.5 Survey of specific viral pathogens 57
4.5.1 Adenovirus 57
4.5.2 Cytomegalovirus 57
4.5.3 Human immunodeficiency virus 57
4.5.4 Hepatitis 58
4.5.5 Rotavirus 59
4.6 Survey of specific parasitic pathogens 59
4.6.1 Leishmaniasis 59
4.6.2 Plasmodium 60
4.6.3 Tapeworms (Taeniids) 60
4.7 Immunoassays and DNA probes 60
4.8 Likely market sizes and nature 61
CHAPTER 5: OTHER APPLICATIONS OF DNA PROBES 62
5.1 Disorders with a major genetic component 62
5.1.1 Introduction 62
5.1.2 Alzheimer's disease 62
5.1.3 Coronary artery disease 63
5.1.4 Diabetes mellitus 64
5.1.5 Immunological diseases 64
5.1.6 Psychiatric disorders 64
5.1.6.1 Schizophrenia 64
5.1.6.2 Manic-depressive psychosis 65
5.1.7 Market potential 65
5.2 DNA fingerprinting 66
5.2.1 Introduction 66
5.2.2 Applications 67
5.2.3 Current situation 67
5.3 Pre-employment screening 68
5.4 Plant and animal diagnostics 69
5.5 Security applications 69
CHAPTER 6 : PRESENT STATUS OF THE DNA DIAGNOSTIC MARKET 70
6.1 Introduction 70
6.2 Company profiles 70
6.2.1 Abbott Laboratories 71
6.2.2 Amgen 71
6.2.3 Amersham International plc 71
6.2.4 Battelle Memorial Institute 71
6.2.5 Biotal Limited 72
6.2.6 Biotechnica International 72
6.2.7 British Bio-technology Limited 72
6.2.8 California Biotechnology 72
6.2.9 Cetus 73
6.2.10 Chiron 73
6.2.11 Collaborative Research 73
6.2.12 Enzo Biochem 74
6.2.13 Gen Probe 74
6.2.14 Imperial Chemical Industries/Cellmark
Diagnostics 74
6.2.15 Integrated Genetics/Gene Trak Systems 74
6.2.16 Johnson & Johnson/Ortho Diagnostics 75
6.2.17 Lifecodes 75
6.2.18 Molecular Biosystems 75
6.2.19 Oncor 75
6.2.20 Oncogene Sciences 76
6.2.21 Other Companies 76
CHAPTER 7 : FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN DNA DIAGNOSTICS 78
7.1 Labelling techniques 78
7.2 Automation 80
7.3 New electrophoretic techniques 80
7.4 Site-directed DNA cleavage 81
7.5 Sequencing the human genome 81
7.6 DNA sensors 81
APPENDIX: ADDRESSES OF COMPANIES MENTIONED 83
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Amino acids found in proteins 4
1.2 The components of nucleic acids 5
1.3 The genetic code 8
2.1 Total population incidence of genetically-
determined disease 28
2.2 Mendelian disorders now detectable by DNA
methods 31
2.3 Flow chart for gene tracking 36
2.4 World market for prenatal DNA diagnostics 41
3.1 Incidence of 12 cancers of selected sites
in 1975 44
3.2 The most well-characterised oncogenes 47
3.3 Tumours displaying oncogene amplification 47
3.4 Tumours containing activated ras oncogenes 48
3.5 World oncology DNA probe market 51
4.1 DNA diagnostic kits having FDA approval at
August 1988 54
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